ETCHMIADZIN

Type: Niche-Buttressed Square
Location: Vagharshapat, Armenia, 25 km from Erevan.
Date: 4th century; rebuilt in 484.
Evidence For Date:
Important Details:
State of Preservation:
Reconstructions:
Summary: 4TH c, rebuilt in 480's The cathedral of S. Etchmiadzin, the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenians, is located in Vagharshapat, Soviet Armenia, 25 km. From Erevan (coord. 40-08/44-16). The cathedral, part of the monastery of the same name, is surrounded by walls which enclose a series of structures. They include the palace of the Catholicos, a seminary, museum, refectory, synod house, library, printing house, monks' cells, and other auxiliary buildings. There are also medieval Xac'-K'ars mounted on bases, and other monuments including "Trdat's gate".

Older names for the cathedral include S. Kat'olike Ekelec'i (The 5th century Armenian historian Lazar P'arpec'i), Mayr Ekelec'eac'kat'olike (the 7th century Asxarhac'oyc'), and Solakat' Astuacacin. The name Etchmiadzin is more recent, possibly dating no earlier than the 15th century.

S. Etchmiadzin (the decent of the only-begotten) was built on a site associated with the conversion of Armenia to Christianity. According to the Armenian historian, Agathangelos' account of the vision of S. Gregory the Illuminator, it was at that site that Christ descended from heaven with a host of angels to strike the ground with a golden hammer and to produce visions of a circular base of gold and a tall column of fire with capital of cloud and cross of light. Three other bases, columns, capitals and crosses were envisioned at the sites where the Christian maiden Hrip'sime and her companions were martyred by the pagan Armenian King Trdat. But S. Gregory also envisioned vaults from these sites fitted into one another and covered by a canopy of cloud in the shape of a dome, as though anticipating a vaulted church with a central cupola such as has characterized medieval Armenian churches since the 5th century.
Agathangelos also reports that after the conversion to Christianity, S. Gregory and the King erected Etchmiadzin Cathedral at that site. The original 4th century structure, which may have been a basilica, was rebuilt in the 5th century with a different plan and with the addition of a dome. It is this rebuilt structure which fits the description given in the vision of S. Gregory by Agathangelos whose History of the Armenians is also attributed to the 5th century.

The form of the church has remained essentially the same throughout the centuries, although it has undergone many repairs. According to Eznak (7th century), Catholicos Sahak (3870438) renovated it. The 5th century Armenian historian Lazar P'arpec'i, reports that Vahan Mamikonean, the Persian governor of Armenian (585-507) had the church rebuilt from the foundations C. 480. It was again renovated, according to Sebeos (7th century) by Catholicos Komitas in 618. The passage mentions wood as the material of the upper part of the church but excavations indicate that the supports were constructed to bear the weight of a stone covering (Khatchatrian, 1971), and the term may have referred to a wooden frame or cover. Another renovation by Catholicos Nerses is mentioned by Alishan (1890).

During the period between the 7th and 15th century, there is no documentary or epigraphic evidence regarding further renovations. The patriarchal see was transferred in 1441 from Sis back to Vagharshapat but there are no records of construction work until the 17th century.

Beginning in 1627, major renovations were required, according to Arak'el of Tabriz. The top of the conical covering the cupola was missing. The roof of the church was ruined, some facing stones had fallen, and the bases of the walls were damaged and had holes. Rubble around the church was so high that it blocked stairs leading into the church. The work has begun by Catholicos Movses (1629-32) with the repair of the dome. He also had erected a wall with eight towers around the monastery, new living quarters and a guesthouse on the east side, monks' cells on the north and south, a refectory, bakery, and a granary and other structures on the south. The remaining repairs to the cathedral were completed by his successor, Catholicos P'ilippos.

Most of the structures erected during the time of Movses were destroyed during the Ottoman Safavid Wars of 1635-1636 but the cathedral remained intact. Arak'el also reports on the renovations and repairs commissioned by Catholicos P'ilippos (1632-1655) including construction of new cells in the east part of the courtyard and renovation of the roof of the cathedral. According to the inscriptions of Catholicos Yakob (1655-1580), P'ilippos also undertook the construction of the bell tower in 1654. It was completed in 1657 by Yakob and decorated in 1664. In 1682, bell towers on the south, east, and north wing were erected by Catholicos Eliazar.

Subsequent renovations include those by Catholicos Astuacatur in 1720, Catholicos Simeon of Erevan in 1777 and 1783, and Catholicos Lukas in 1784 and 1786. In the 19th century, Catholicos George IV repaired the east wall and added a museum with three chapels. During the pontificate of Mkrtic' Xrimean, much of the interior decoration was removed, some of it being preserved in Armenian museums.

In 1921, the bell tower on the southern apse collapsed and was replaced by a conical structure. Both T'oramanyan and the Architect T'amamyan participated in this project.

Excavations, renovations and conservation work undertaken in 1955-56, and again in 1959, uncovered an Urartian stele, fragments of ancient mosaics and wall paintings, and the pyre of a fire temple under the altar of the east apse, as well as archaeological evidence of the form of the 4th century and the cathedral walls, piers, arches and vaults were repaired. At the present time, new buildings are being erected within the complex.

On the basis of archaeological findings in the 50's, the plan of the original 4th century cathedral is generally considered to have been a vaulted basilica with a nave and two narrow side aisles, three pairs of t-shaped pillars divided the church into twelve bays. The east apse was horse-shoe-shaped on the interior and pentagonal on the exterior. T'oramanyan had postulated a tetraconch with five domes before the excavations were made. Tokarski proposes that the original form was a vaulted hall, while Eremyan and Khatchatrian interpret the findings as evidence for a structure with four pillars, not six. Khatchatrian considers it to have been a square structure as a present, to which a cupola and four projecting apses were added in the 5th century.

The evidences for the 4th century date for the early cathedral include 4th-5th century mosaics and frescoes, antique motifs carved on the earlier cornices, and the remains of the fire temple under the altar of the east apse.

Although the church as undergone numerous transformations it still retains the form of the 5th century structure. It has a cruciform plan with a central cupola, four free-standing piers, and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. The central piers, cruciform in section, divide the interior space into nine equal square compartments. The plan, except for the cupola, dates to the construction under taken by Vahan Mamikonean in the 480's. A similar plan can be found at the 7th century church at Bagaran (A-2177).

Two figured reliefs on the north wall date from the 5th century, early enough to have their inscriptions in Greek instead of Armenian. The north wall on which they are carved is the oldest remaining exterior wall of the church and is also dated 5th century.

The first relief has an arcade with two bays framing the figures of St. Thecla and St. Paul who are identified by name in Greek.
The second relief consists of a slab with a cross in a medallion flanked by two doves. There are several Greek inscriptions, one encircling the medallion, another located between the arms of the cross, and another framing the base of the medallion on the right and left. The names of the donors are included. The same motif appears even earlier in Armenian sculpture, at the AD 364 Mausoleum of Alc' (Aghds, A-0087).

The rich ensemble of sculpture on the exterior of the church is of more recent times. It includes geometric and floral motifs, as well as a blind arcade and medallions with saintly figures.

Frescoes of scenes from the old testament and of Armenian saintly figures were painted on the church in the 17th and 18th centuries by Hovnat'an Hovnat'anyan and his students and others. These frescoes were removed in 1891 but were restored in 1956.
Among the other embellishments of the cathedral are the wooden doors carved in Tiflis in 1888.

The Ejmiacin-Bagaran church type has been cited in connection with some medieval churches in western Europe such as Germigny-des-pres because of the similarity in plans (Strzygowski, Sahinyan, Harut'yunyan). S. Etchmiadzin, in its plan and its association with the history of the Armenian church and people is one of the most significant architectural monuments in Armenia.

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